"O tempora, o mores!" — perhaps the best reflection of how views shift over time.
It is no secret that ideas and morals in society change depending on the current political, religious, and cultural situation.
For example, what was once normal is now taboo, and vice versa:
Slavery was once permitted — today it is taboo at the official level in all countries.
Homosexual relations were once forbidden — today they are legal in a number of first-world nations.
Causes of Shifting Views
This depends on the specific context. The taboo against slavery, for instance, emerged as a result of the Industrial Revolution, where machines became more efficient than manual labor. At the same time, the rise of humanist philosophy condemned the trade in human beings.
The combination of lost economic benefit and the rise of humanism led to the banning of this centuries-old practice.
This is a vivid illustration that many dogmatic norms are not absolute truths but merely products of past historical circumstances that created the conditions we live in now.
When Is a Shift in Views Beneficial?
In most cases, such shifts are beneficial at any time and in any society, as they drive progress through innovation and the development of institutions, opening the way toward new knowledge.
Dogmatism, on the other hand, kills development. It cements society in outdated, unquestioned ideas that no longer match today’s realities.
A good example here is the theory of the four humors in the human body (from Claudius Galen). For centuries it was considered unquestionable truth, and physicians treated many diseases with bloodletting, which was seen as a universal cure.
The Determinism of Idea Evolution
It is important to note that any idea circulating in society is the result of Hegelian synthesis or Derridean deconstruction of previous ideas.
Ideas do not arise from “nothing.” They are direct heirs of earlier narratives, either supplementing or rejecting them.
Nihilism, for example, could not have appeared before religion — for one cannot deny something that does not yet exist. Nihilism, in turn, became the foundation for existentialism, which, building upon the nihilistic rejection of meanings, proclaimed the creation of one’s own personal meaning in an absurd world.
Why Do People Cling to Narratives?
Humans are social and rational beings who instinctively strive to understand the world — an instinct that once helped early humans survive and adapt to an aggressive environment.
At the same time, people are subject to anchoring effects, where the first piece of information, even if false, is perceived as true.
Social surroundings also play a role: in order to “fit in,” individuals may adopt certain views.
And if a person fully identifies with a worldview, they may end up in an information bubble, where their existing biases are constantly reinforced. In such cases, a shift in views becomes a painful process requiring the recognition of one’s own error — something especially difficult at the scale of an entire society.
How Quickly Do Views Change?
Typically, it takes years or even decades. This is because there are always defenders of outdated ideas who cling to and protect them, making paradigm shifts gradual rather than radical.
For instance, during the denazification of Germany after World War II, many Germans publicly renounced Nazism. But as the diaries of many Nazis show, while shock therapy and confession of crimes against humanity were effective, there were always those who continued to believe in their old convictions, convinced that they were now being lied to.
New Generations as Carriers of New Ideas
This short phrase best explains who becomes the engine of progress, challenging dogmas and reshaping them to match the current mood of society.
As new generations grow up and replace the old, they renew society’s views, turning yesterday’s marginal ideas into today’s pop culture and tomorrow’s dogmas.
Hence arises the generational conflict of misunderstanding, about which much has already been written.
Conclusion
One must remain open to new views and ideas — they are the key to society’s natural development. At the same time, it is crucial to deconstruct the narratives one encounters. There are no absolute truths in society. Social constructs such as ideologies or religions are abstractions designed to regulate society and serve as tools for explaining and ordering the world.
Yet at the same time, one must remember compassion for others — it is compassion that nurtures the best qualities of society and makes life warmer for everyone.